Tense-এর প্রাথমিক ধারণা

 

Tense-এর প্রাথমিক ধারণা

What is Tesne?

 

Tense is any of the forms of a verb which shows the time or duration of an action or state.

কাল কী?

কাল হচ্ছে ক্রিয়ার বিভিন্ন রুপ যা ক্রিয়া সংঘটিত হওয়ার সময় নির্দেশ করে। অন্যভাবে কোন কাজ সম্পাদনের সময়কে কাল (Tesne) বলে। Tesne দ্বারা সময়কে উল্লেখ করা হয় এবং যা বর্তমান, অতীত বিংবা ভবিষ্যত সময়কে নির্দেশ করে।

উদাহরণ ও বিশ্লেষণ

এখন কিছু উদাহরণের মাধ্যমে Tense সনাক্ত করার প্রক্রিয়া দেখানো যাক:

Farhan eats rice. অনুবাদ: ফারহানা ভাত খায় । (বর্তমান কাল)

Farhan ate rice. অনুবাদ: ফারহানা ভাত খেল । অতীত কাল)

Farhan will eat rice. অনুবাদ: ফারহানা ভাত খাবে । ভবিষৎ কাল)

Grammar explanation : এখানে উপরোক্ত বাক্যসমূহে verb গুলো হলো যথাক্রমে eats, ate and will eat যাহার বাংলা অর্থ হলো eats =খায়, ate=খেয়েছিল, will eat= খাবে । এখানে ‘eat’ verb এর সাথে “s” যোগ হয়েছে, কারণ Farhan হলো third person singular number ।

ইংরেজিতে -এর আলোচনা করার ক্ষেত্রে ২ টি উপাদান-সময় (time) ও দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি (aspect) উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

For example (উদাহরণ)-

Time:

o    Present - now, or any time that includes now (বর্তমান সময়)

o    Past - before now (বর্তমান সময় এর পূর্বে)

o    Future - after now (বর্তমান সময় এর পরে)

Aspect:

o    Progressive - অসমাপ্ত কাজ

o    Perfective - সম্পন্ন করা কাজ বা অবস্থা

Tense এর  progressive aspect থেকে progressive বা continuous tenses উৎপন্ন হয়ে থাকে।

এরা হলঃ

o    Past continuous

o    Present continuous

o    Future continuous.

অন্যদিকে, Tense এর perfective aspect থেকে perfect tenses তৈরি হয়।

যেগুলো হলঃ  

o    Past perfect

o    Present perfect

o    Future perfect

এবং এই দুটি একত্রিত হয়ে অর্থাৎ, progressive এবং perfective aspect একীভূত হয়ে perfect continuous tenses তৈরি করে।

তথাঃ 

o    Present perfect continuous

o    Past perfect continuous

o    Future perfect continuous

 

ইংরেজি বাক্যের Tense (কাল) সনাক্ত করার জন্য কিছু সহজ এবং কার্যকর উপায় রয়েছে। এখানে বিভিন্ন Tense সনাক্ত করার পদ্ধতি বিস্তারিতভাবে ব্যাখ্যা করা হলো:

ক্রিয়ার রূপ

ক্রিয়ার ভিন্ন রূপগুলো বিভিন্ন Tense নির্দেশ করে।

  • Present Tense (বর্তমান কাল):
    • Simple Present: সাধারণত মূল ক্রিয়া ব্যবহার হয় (He eats, They go)।
    • Present Continuous: "is/am/are + verb-ing" ফর্ম (She is eating, We are going)।
    • Present Perfect: "has/have + past participle" (He has eaten, They have gone)।
    • Present Perfect Continuous: "has/have been + verb-ing" (She has been eating, They have been going)।
  • Past Tense (অতীত কাল):
    • Simple Past: সাধারণত দ্বিতীয় রূপ (He ate, They went)।
    • Past Continuous: "was/were + verb-ing" (She was eating, They were going)।
    • Past Perfect: "had + past participle" (He had eaten, They had gone)।
    • Past Perfect Continuous: "had been + verb-ing" (She had been eating, They had been going)।
  • Future Tense (ভবিষ্যৎ কাল):
    • Simple Future: "will + base form" (He will eat, They will go)।
    • Future Continuous: "will be + verb-ing" (She will be eating, They will be going)।
    • Future Perfect: "will have + past participle" (He will have eaten, They will have gone)।
    • Future Perfect Continuous: "will have been + verb-ing" (She will have been eating, They will have been going)।

 

Passive Voice -এর গঠন থেকে Tense সনাক্ত করার কৌশল।

Present Tense (বর্তমান কাল):

  • Simple Present (সাধারণ বর্তমান): "‍am/is/are+ past participle" (Passive: An apple is eaten by him. (একটি আপেল তার দ্বারা খাওয়া হয়।)
  • Present Continuous ঘটমান(বর্তমান): ‍"am being/is being/are being+Past participle" (Passive: An apple is being eaten by her. (একটি আপেল তার দ্বারা খাওয়া হচ্ছে।)
  • Present Perfect (সম্পূর্ণ/পুরাঘটিত বর্তমান): "have been/has been+ Past participle" (Passive: An apple has been eaten by him. (একটি আপেল তার দ্বারা খাওয়া হয়েছে।)
  • Present Perfect Continuous (পুরঘটিত ঘটমান বর্তমান):"have been/has been+being+ Past participle" (Passive: An apple has been being eaten by him. (একটি আপেল তার দ্বারা খাওয়া হচ্ছে)

Past Tense (অতীত কাল):

  • Simple Past (সাধারণ অতীত): "was/were+ past participle"(Passive: An apple was eaten by him. (একটি আপেল তার দ্বারা খাওয়া হলো/ হয়েছিল।)
  • Past Continuous (ঘটমান অতীত):"was being/were being+ past participle"(Passive: An apple was being eaten by her. (একটি আপেল তার দ্বারা খাওয়া হচ্ছিল।)
  • Past Perfect (সম্পূর্ণ/পুরাঘটিত অতীত): "had been+ Past participle"(Passive: An apple had been eaten by him. (একটি আপেল তার দ্বারা খাওয়া হয়েছিল।)
  • Past Perfect Continuous (সম্পূর্ণ /পুরাঘটিত ঘটমান অতীত):"had been+being+ Past participle" (Passive: An apple had been being eaten by him. (একটি আপেল তার দ্বারা খাওয়া হয়েছিল।)

Future Tense (ভবিষ্যৎ কাল):

  • Simple Future (সাধারণ ভবিষ্যৎ): " shall be/will be+ past participle"(Passive: An apple will be eaten by him. (একটি আপেল তার দ্বারা খাওয়া হবে।)
  • Future Continuous (ঘটমান ভবিষ্যৎ): " shall be being/will be being+ past participle" (Passive: An apple will be being eaten by her. (একটি আপেল তার দ্বারা খাওয়া হতে থাকবে।)
  • Future Perfect (সম্পূর্ণ /পুরাঘটিত ভবিষ্যৎ): " shall have been/will have been+ past participle"(Passive: An apple will have been eaten by him. (একটি আপেল তার দ্বারা খাওয়া হয়ে থাকবে।)
  • Future Perfect Continuous (সম্পূর্ণ /পুরাঘটিত ঘটমান ভবিষ্যৎ):" shall have been being/will have been being+ past participle"(Passive: An apple will have been eaten by him. (একটি আপেল তার দ্বারা খাওয়া হতে থাকবে।)

Identify the Voice

Go through the sentences given below and identify the voice used.

  1. Shreya Ghoshal sings beautiful songs.
  2. The Sun sets in the West.
  3. The boy was being beaten by his teacher.
  4. Bucky is helped by Steve.
  5. The carpenter is building the desk.
  6. The woodcutter cut down the tree.
  7. The man dropped his axe into the river.
  8. The bird was shot by the naughty boy.
  9. The bag was found by me.
  10. Natasha lost the money.
  11. The farmer will plough the field.
  12. The work will be finished by the workers in a day.
  13. The enemy has entered the war zone.
  14. Who sang the song?
  15. The children teased the animals.

Answers

  1. Active voice 2. Active voice 3. Passive voice 4. Passive Voice 5. Active voice 6. Active voice 7. Active voice 8. Passive voice 9. Passive voice 10. Active voice 11. Active voice 12. Passive voice 13. Active voice 14. Active voice 15. Active voice

Identify the type of voice

Go through the sentences and identify the type of voice used.

  1. Arijit Singh sings beautiful songs.
  2. The Sun sets in the West
  3. Ricky was being punished by his teacher
  4. Tony Stark is helped by Peter Parker
  5. The mason is building the palace.
  6. The woodcutters cut down all the trees.
  7. The poor farmer dropped his axe into the river.
  8. The dove was shot by the mischievous boy.
  9. By whom was Germany taught to Bethany?
  10. Kate lost all the money.
  11. The farmers will plough the field before the monsoons.
  12. The homework will be finished by me in the evening.
  13. The enemies were defeated easily.
  14. Do you know who sang this song?
  15. The naughty children teased the monkeys in the zoo.

Answers for Exercise


  1. Active voice
  2. Active voice
  3. Passive voice
  4. Passive Voice
  5. Active voice
  6. Active voice
  7. Active voice
  8. Passive voice
  9. Passive voice
  10. Active voice
  11. Active voice
  12. Passive voice
  13. Passive voice
  14. Active voice
  15. Active voice

Identify the tense used in the following sentences.

1. I watched a movie yesterday.

2. She will come in the afternoon.

3. I scored good marks in the exam.

4. I want to be a scientist.

5. She enjoys reading.

6. What were you doing then?

7. I have finished the job.

8. We have been waiting here for a long time.

9. I am learning my lessons.

10. The film was very interesting.

11. She will win the first prize.

12. I had applied for that job.

13. I will be waiting for you here.

14. I will have finished my lessons by evening.

15. He had been working in the garage.


Answers

1. I watched a movie yesterday. (Simple past)

2. She will come in the afternoon. (Simple future)

3. I scored good marks in the exam. (Simple past)

4. I want to be a scientist. (Simple present)

5. She enjoys reading. (Simple present)

6. What were you doing then? (Past continuous)

7. I have finished the job. (Present perfect)

8. We have been waiting here for a long time. (Present perfect continuous)

9. I am learning my lessons. (Present continuous)

10. The film was very interesting. (Simple past)

11. She will win the first prize. (Simple future)

12. I had applied for that job. (Past perfect)

13. I will be waiting for you here. (Future continuous)

14. I will have finished my lessons by evening. (Future perfect)

15. He had been working in the garage. (Past perfect continuous)

Read the following sentences and identify the tense.


1. I went to the park yesterday.
2. They invited us to dinner.
3. The mother took the child to the doctor.
4. I am waiting for the bus.
5. She has agreed to come.
6. They had already left.
7. You will regret this.
8. I want to be a writer.
9. I don’t know the answer.
10. We have been waiting for hours.
11. They will have finished working.
12.It had been raining since morning.
13. The child was crying.
14. I didn’t see him


.

Answers

1.I went to the park yesterday. (Simple past)
2. They invited us to dinner. (Simple past)
3. The mother took the child to the doctor. (Simple past)
4. I am waiting for the bus. (Present continuous)
5. She has agreed to come. (Present perfect)

6. They had already left. (Past perfect)
7. You will regret this. (Simple future)
8. I want to be a writer. (Simple present)
9. I don’t know the answer. (Simple present)
10. We have been waiting for hours. (Present perfect continuous)
11. They will have finished working. (Future perfect)
12.It had been raining since morning. (Past perfect continuous)
13. The child was crying. (Past continuous)
14. I didn’t see him. (Simple past)

Identify the tense exercise


1. She wants to be an administrator.

2. They admonished the child.

3. We are working on a new project.

4. He has got a good job.

5. She has been working on that project for two months.

6. I had been running for two hours.

7. They had already left.

8. They were holidaying in Malaysia.

9. She will help us.

10. They will be finishing the job in two hours.

11. She will have already gone.

12. I did not believe him.

13. Do you know him?

14. She has never run away from her responsibilities.

15. They have been living in this town for twenty years.

16. You shall regret this.

17. That was interesting.

18. The child was crying.


Answers

1. She wants to be an administrator. (Simple present tense)

2. They admonished the child. (Simple past tense)

3. We are working on a new project. (Present continuous tense)

4. He has got a good job. (Present perfect tense)

5. She has been working on that project for two months. (Present perfect continuous tense)

6. I had been running for two hours. (Past perfect continuous tense)

7. They had already left. (Past perfect tense)

8. They were holidaying in Malaysia. (Past continuous tense)

9. She will help us. (Simple future tense)

10. They will be finishing the job in two hours. (Future continuous tense)

11. She will have already gone. (Future perfect tense)

12. I did not believe him. (Simple past tense)

13. Do you know him? (Simple present tense)

14. She has never run away from her responsibilities. (Present perfect tense)

15. They have been living in this town for twenty years. (Present perfect continuous tense)

16. You shall regret this. (Simple future tense)

17. That was interesting. (Simple past; the ing form interesting is an adjective here.)

18. The child was crying. (Past continuous tense)

Read the following sentences and identify the tense.


1. She has been working here for two years.

2. I visited my uncle and his family yesterday.

3. The dogs are barking loudly.

4. They live nearby.

5. I want to know the reason.

6. She was looking for her cat.

7. I have sent the money.

8. Did you see him yesterday.

9. She does not have a job.

10. I had been running for an hour.

11. What were you doing there?

12. She will never find out.

13. They will be waiting for the bus.

14. They will have received the message.

15. We will be visiting Kashmir in February.


Answers

1. She has been working here for two years. (Present perfect continuous tense)

2. I visited my uncle and his family yesterday. (Simple past)

3. The dogs are barking loudly. (Present continuous tense)

4. They live nearby. (Simple present tense)

5. I want to know the reason. (Simple present tense)

6. She was looking for her cat. (Past continuous tense)

7. I have sent the money. (Present perfect tense)

8. Did you see him yesterday. (Simple past tense)

9. She does not have a job. (Simple present tense)

10. I had been running for an hour. (Past perfect continuous tense)

11. What were you doing there? (Past continuous tense)

12. She will never find out. (Simple future tense)

13. They will be waiting for the bus. (Future continuous tense)

14. They will have received the message. (Future perfect tense)

15. We will be visiting Kashmir in February. (Future continuous tense)

 

সহায়ক ক্রিয়া

বাক্যে "is," "am," "are," "was," "were," "has," "have," "will," "had" এবং "been" এই ধরনের সহায়ক ক্রিয়াগুলোর উপস্থিতি Tense সনাক্ত করতে সাহায্য করে।

  • উদাহরণ:
    • "He is playing" - Present Continuous
    • "They were playing" - Past Continuous
    • "She will have finished" - Future Perfect

 

উদাহরণ ও বিশ্লেষণ

এখন কিছু উদাহরণের মাধ্যমে Tense সনাক্ত করার প্রক্রিয়া দেখানো যাক:

  • বাক্য: "She is reading a book."
    • ক্রিয়া: "is reading" - Present Continuous
    • সময়সূচক শব্দ: বর্তমানে কাজ চলছে।
  • বাক্য: "They had finished the project."
    • ক্রিয়া: "had finished" - Past Perfect
    • সময়সূচক শব্দ: অতীতের একটি ঘটনা যা আগে ঘটে গেছে।
  • বাক্য: "I will go to the market tomorrow."
    • ক্রিয়া: "will go" - Simple Future
    • সময়সূচক শব্দ: আগামীকাল একটি ভবিষ্যৎ কাজ।

 


 

Kinds of Tense – (ক্রিয়ার কালের প্রকার ) : Tense প্রধানতঃ তিন প্রকার । যথা:

1.            Present tense – বতর্মান কাল । যেমন: Ayanti eats rice – অয়ন্তী ভাত খায় ।

2.            Past tense – অতীত কাল । যেমন: Ayanti ate rice – অয়ন্তী ভাত খেয়েছিল ।

3.            Future tense – ভবিষৎ কাল । যেমন : Ayanti will eat rice – অয়ন্তী ভাত খাবে ।

প্রত্যেক Tense-কে আবার চার ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়েছে । যেমন :

Present Tense – বতর্মান কাল


a)         Present indefinite / simple – ( সাধারণ বতর্মান কাল )

b)         Present continuous/progressive – ( ঘটমান বতর্মান কাল )

c)         Present perfect – ( পুরাঘটিত বতর্মান কাল )

d)        Present perfect continuous/progressive – ( পুরাঘটমান বতর্মান কাল )

For example-(উদাহরণ ) :

a. Ayanti eats rice – অয়ন্তী ভাত খায় । …….(Present indefinite/simple )

b. Ayanti is eating rice – অয়ন্তী ভাত খাইতেছে । …….( Present continuous )

c.  Ayanti has eaten rice – অয়ন্তী ভাত খেয়েছে । …….( Present perfect )

d. Ayanti has been eating rice for fifteen minutes. –অয়ন্তী ১৫ মিনিট যাবৎ ভাত খাইতেছে ।…………( Present perfect continuous )

Past Tense – অতীত কাল


a)Past indefinite/simple – ( সাধারণ অতীত কাল )

b)            Past continuous/progressive – ( ঘটমান অতীত কাল )

c)Past perfect – ( পুরাঘটিত অতীত কাল )

d)           Past perfect continuous/progressive – ( পুরাঘটমান অতীত কাল )

For example-(উদাহরণ ) :

a. Ayanti ate rice.-অয়ন্তী ভাত খেয়েছিল । …..( Past indefinite/simple )

b. Ayanti was eating rice. –অয়ন্তী ভাত খাইতেছে ।…. (Past continuous )

c.  Ayanti had eaten rice before his mother came home. –তার মা বাসায় আসার পূর্বেই অয়ন্তী ভাত খেয়েছিল ।…….( Past perfect )

d. Ayanti had been eating rice for fifteen minutes before his mother came home. –তার মা বাসায় আসার পূর্বেই অয়ন্তী ১৫ মিনিট যাবৎ ভাত খাইতেছিল । …… (Past perfect continuous )

Future Tense – ভবিষৎ কাল


a)Future indefinite/simple – ( সাধারণ ভবিষৎ কাল )

b)            Future continuous/progressive – ( ঘটমান ভবিষৎ কাল )

c)Future perfect – ( পুরাঘটিত ভবিষৎ কাল )

d)           Future perfect continuous / progressive – (পুরাঘটমান ভবিষৎ কাল )

For example-(উদাহরণ ) :

a. Ayanti will eat rice.- অয়ন্তী ভাত খাবে ।……. (Future indefinite/simple.)

b. Ayanti will be eating rice.- অয়ন্তী ভাত খাইতে থাকিবে ।…..(Future continuous/progressive )

c.  Ayanti will have eaten rice before her mother comes /will come home.- তার মা বাসায় আসার পূর্বেই অয়ন্তী ভাত খাইয়া থাকিবে ।….. ( Future perfect).

d. Ayanti will have been eating rice for fifteen minutes before his mother comes/will come home.- তার মা বাসায় আসার পূর্বেই অয়ন্তী ১৫ মিনিট যাবৎ ভাত খাইতে থাকিবে ।……( Future perfect continuous / progressive ).

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